Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Artigos

V. 15 N. 39 Set./Dez. 2022

BRAZILIAN STRATEGY FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (BSIA) AND PUBLIC POLICIES: PROPOSALS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AXES LEGISLATION, REGULATION, AND ETHICAL USE, AND GOVERNANCE OF AI

DOI
https://doi.org/10.51206/elegis.v15i39.797
Submitted
January 31, 2022
Published
2022-12-21

Abstract

This article has as its research problem the following question: how and which public policies can be appropriate for the effectiveness and implementation of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA) regarding the axes Legislation, Regulation, and Ethical Use, and Governance of Artificial Intelligence (AI)? The aim is to present the EBIA and its axes of implementation and, afterward, to contextualize it according to Brazil's classification in terms of Artificial Intelligence in the international scenario. Global Innovation Index prepared by the World Intellectual Property Organization and the Artificial Intelligence Index Report prepared by Stanford University are used for this purpose. The methodology used for this is monographic research. In the end, it is concluded that the EBIA is a mechanism capable of inserting Brazil into the AI regulatory race, but it needs strong and effective public policies aimed at its implementation.

References

  1. BARANIUK, Chris. The 'creepy Facebook AI' story that captivated the media. BBC. 2017. Disponível em: <https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-40790258>. Acesso em: 20 dez. 2021.
  2. BECKER, Daniel; FERRARI, Isabela. O direito à explicação sobre decisões automatizadas: uma análise comparativa entre a União Europeia e o Brasil. Revista de Direito e as Novas Tecnologias, São Paulo, vol. 1, n. 1, out./dez. 2018.
  3. BILEFSKY, Dan. Hackers Use New Tactic at Austrian Hotel: Locking the Doors. The New York Times. 2017. Disponível em: <https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/30/world/europe/hotel-austria-bitcoin-ransom.html>. Acesso em: 20 dez. 2021.
  4. BURRELL, Jenna. How the machine ‘thinks’: Understanding opacity in machine learning algorithms. Big Data & Society, [s.l.], v. 3, n. 1, p.1-12, jan. 2016.
  5. BRASIL. Estratégia Brasileira de Inteligência Artificial – EBIA. MCTI. 2021. Disponível em: <https://www.gov.br/mcti/pt-br/acompanhe-o-mcti/transformacaodigital/inteligencia-artificial>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  6. BRASIL. Estratégia Brasileira para Transformação Digital (e-Digital). 2018a. Disponível em: <https://www.gov.br/mcti/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/comunicados-mcti/estrategia-digital-brasileira/estrategiadigital.pdf>. Acesso em: 31 jan. 2022.
  7. BRASIL. Manual de Gestão de Riscos. Tribunal de Contas da União. 2018b. Disponível em: <https://portal.tcu.gov.br/planejamento-governanca-e-gestao/gestao-de-riscos/manual-de-gestao-de-riscos/>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  8. BRASIL. Startup Brasil. 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.startupbrasil.org.br/startups/conheca-as-startups-do-programa/>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  9. CANADÁ. Pan-Canadian AI Strategy. 2017. Disponível em: <https://cifar.ca/ai/>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  10. CHINA. A Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan. 2017. Disponível em: <https://na-production.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/translation-fulltext-8.1.17.pdf>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  11. CITRON, D. K.; PASQUALE, F. A. The Scored Society: Due Process for Automated Predictions. Washington Law Review, Washington, v. 89, n. 1, p. 2-27, 2014.
  12. CONECTA STARTUP BRASIL. Startups. 2021. Disponível em: <https://conectastartupbrasil.org.br/startups>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  13. COMISSÃO EUROPEIA. Artificial Intelligence Act. 2021. Disponível em: <https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021PC0206>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  14. DIAKOPOULOS, Nicholas. Algorithmic Accountability Reporting: On the Investigation of Black Boxes. Tow Center for Digital Journalism, 2013.
  15. DINAMARCA. Strategy for Denmark’s Digital Growth. 2021. Disponível em: <https://eng.em.dk/media/10566/digital-growth-strategy-report_uk_web-2.pdf>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022
  16. DIVINO, S. B. S. Desafios e benefícios da inteligência artificial para o Direito do Consumidor. Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas, Brasília, v. 11, n. 1, p. 655-689, 2021.
  17. DIVINO, S. B. S.; MAGALHAES, R. A. Inteligência Artificial e Direito Empresarial: Mecanismos de Governança Digital para Implementação e Confiabilidade. Economic Analysis of Law Review, Brasília, v. 11, p. 72-89, 2020.
  18. DOSHI-VELEZ, Finale; KORTZ, Mason. Accountability of AI under the law: the role of explanation. Berkman Klein Center Working Group on Explanation and the Law, 2017.
  19. DUTTON, Tim. An Overview of National AI Strategies. Medium. 2018. Disponível em: <https://medium.com/politics-ai/an-overview-of-national-ai-strategies-2a70ec6edfd>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  20. EL NAQA, Issam; MURPHY, Martin J. What is machine learning?. In: machine learning in radiation oncology. Springer: Cham, 2015. p. 3-11.
  21. FINLAND. Finland’s Age of Artificial Intelligence. 2017. Disponível em: <https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/ai-watch/finland-ai-strategy-report_en>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  22. FJELD, Jessica et al. Principled artificial intelligence: Mapping consensus in ethical and rights-based approaches to principles for AI. Berkman Klein Center Research Publication, Cambridge, n. 2020-1, 2020.
  23. FLORIDI L. Soft ethics, the governance of the digital and the General Data Protection Regulation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, v. 376, n. 2133, 2018. Disponível em: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0081>. Acesso em:
  24. FRANCE. AI for Humanity: French Strategy for Artificial Intelligence. 2018. Disponível em: <https://super-ai.diascreative.net/ai-for-humanity-french-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  25. GAROUPA, Nuno; PORTO, Antonio José Maristrello; FRANCO, Paulo Fernando De Mello. As indenizações pela perda do tempo útil do consumidor. Espera e custos de oportunidade. Revista de Direito do Consumidor, Brasília, v. 124, p. 263–293, jul./ago. 2019
  26. GARRET, Filipe. O que é algoritmo? Entenda como funciona em apps e sites da Internet. TechTudo. 2020. Disponível em: <https://www.techtudo.com.br/listas/2020/05/o-que-e-algoritmo-entenda-como-funciona-em-apps-e-sites-da-internet.ghtml>. Acesso em: 31 jan. 2022.
  27. GLAUBITZ, Alina; RAYMOND, Nathaniel. How should liability be attributed for harms caused by biases in Artificial Intelligence?. 2021. Disponível em: <https://politicalscience.yale.edu/sites/default/files/glaubitz_alina.pdf>. Acesso em: 20 dez. 2021.
  28. INDIA. National Strategy For Artificial Intelligence. 2018. Disponível em: <https://indiaai.gov.in/research-reports/national-strategy-for-artificial-intelligence>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  29. ITALY. Strategia Nazionale per l’Intelligenza Artificiale. 2020. Disponível em: <https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/ai-watch/italy-ai-strategy-report_en>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  30. JAPAN. Artificial Intelligence Technology Strategy. 2017. Disponível em: <https://ai-japan.s3-ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com/7116/0377/5269/Artificial_Intelligence_Technology_StrategyMarch2017.pdf>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  31. KEATING, Gregory C. The theory of enterprise liability and common law strict liability. Vanderbilt Law Review, Nashville, v. 54, p. 1285, 2001.
  32. KOREA. National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence. 2019. Disponível em: <https://www.msit.go.kr/bbs/view.do?sCode=eng&mId=10&mPid=9&bbsSeqNo=46&nttSeqNo=9>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  33. LEMLEY, Mark A.; CASEY, Bryan. Remedies for robots. The University of Chicago Law Review, Chicago, v. 86, n. 5, p. 1311-1396, 2019.
  34. MEXICO. Artificial Intelligence Agenda MX. 2018. Disponível em: <https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/countries/Mexico>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  35. O GLOBO. Amazon coleta detalhes íntimos sobre seus usuários através da Alexa; veja quais. IG Tecnologia. 2021. Disponível em: <https://tecnologia.ig.com.br/2021-11-22/amazon-alexa-coleta-dados-intimos.html>. Acesso em: 20 dez. 2021.
  36. OCDE. Recommendation of the Council on Artificial intelligence. 2019. Disponível em: <https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  37. OSOBA, Osonde; WELSER IV, William. An Intelligence in Our Image: The Risks of Bias and Errors in Artificial Intelligence. RAND Corporation, Santa Mônica, 2017.
  38. PAÍSES NÓRDICOS. Declaration on AI in the Nordic-Baltic Region. 2018. Disponível em: <https://www.regeringen.se/49a602/globalassets/regeringen/dokument/naringsdepartementet/20180514_nmr_deklaration-slutlig-webb.pdf>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022
  39. PASQUALE, Frank. The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms that Control Money and Information. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2015. 320 p.
  40. PEREZ, Sarah. Microsoft Silences Its New A.I. Bot Tay, After Twitter Users Teach It Racism, TECHCRUNCH. 2016. Disponível em: <https://techcrunch.com/2016/03/24/microsoft-silences-its-new-a-i-bot-tay-after-twitter-users-teach-it-racism/>. Acesso em: 20 dez. 2021.
  41. POSNER, Richard. Economic Analysis of Law. 3. ed. Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer, 2012. 1026 p.
  42. RACHUM-TWAIG, Omri. Whose Robot Is It Anyway? Liability for Artificial-Intelligence-Based Robots. University of Illinois Law Reveview, Illinois, v. 2020, p. 1141, 2020.
  43. RUSSELL, Stuart. J.; NORVIG, Peter. Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. 3. ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2010. 1115 p.
  44. SANDVIG, Christian et al. Auditing algorithms: Research methods for detecting discrimination on internet platforms. Data and discrimination: converting critical concerns into productive inquiry, Seattle, v. 22, p. 4349-4357, 2014.
  45. SERASA. O que é Serasa Score 2.0? Disponível em: <https://www.serasa.com.br/score/score-2-0/>. Acesso em: 03 set. 2021.
  46. SHAVELL, Steven. Economic analysis of accident law. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009. 352 p.
  47. SINGAPORE. Artificial Intelligence Governance Framework. 2020. Disponível em: <https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/-/media/files/pdpc/pdf-files/resource-for-organisation/ai/sgmodelaigovframework2.pdf>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  48. SOUZA, Celina. Políticas públicas: conceitos, tipologias e subáreas. Trabalho elaborado para a Fundação Luís Eduardo Magalhães. São Paulo, 2002.
  49. SWEDEN. Nationell inriktning för artificiell intelligens. 2018. Disponível em: <https://www.regeringen.se/informationsmaterial/2018/05/nationell-inriktning-for-artificiell-intelligens/>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  50. TAIWAN. AI Taiwan Action Plan. 2019. Disponível em: <https://english.ey.gov.tw/News3/9E5540D592A5FECD/1dec0902-e02a-49c6-870d-e77208481667#:~:text=Capitalizing%20on%20this%20wave%2C%20the,greater%20momentum%20into%20Taiwan's%20industries>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  51. UNESCO. UNESCO member states adopt the first ever global agreement on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. 2021. Disponível em: <https://en.unesco.org/news/unesco-member-states-adopt-first-ever-global-agreement-ethics-artificial-intelligence>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  52. UNIÃO EUROPEIA. Artificial Intelligence: Europe needs to take a human-in-command approach, says EESC. 2017. Disponível em: <https://www.eesc.europa.eu/en/news-media/press-releases/artificial-intelligence-europe-needs-take-human-command-approach-says-eesc>. Acesso em: Acesso em: 11 abr. 2020.
  53. UNITED STATES. Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2021. Stanford University. 2021. Disponível em: <https://aiindex.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/2021-AI-Index-Report_Master.pdf>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  54. UNITED KINGDOM. AI Sector Deal. 2019. Disponível em: <https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/artificial-intelligence-sector-deal/ai-sector-deal>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022.
  55. VINCENT, J. Twitter taught Microsoft’s AI chatbot to be a racist asshole in less than a day. The Verge. 2016. Disponível em: <https://www.theverge.com/2016/3/24/11297050/tay-microsoft-chatbot-racist>. Acesso em: 20 dez. 2021.
  56. WANG, Ge. Humans in the Loop: The Design of Interactive AI Systems. Human-centered Artificial Intelligence. Stanford University. 2019.
  57. WIPO. Índice Global de Inovação. 2021. Disponível em: <https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/pt/wipo_pub_gii_2021_exec.pdf>. Acesso em: 30 jan. 2022